4^th Annual Congress on Infectious Diseases August 29-30, 2018 Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Biography:

Dr. Bin Gong is an Associate Professor of Pathology, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX. Dr. Gong’s laboratory is active in the determination of novel pathogenic mechanisms focusing on the interface between the endothelium and highly virulent intracellular pathogens, in particular the highly invasive bacterial genus Rickettsia and the viral family Filoviridae. Dr. Gong is being the P.I. of active R01 project R01AI121012 and the co P.I. of active R01 projects R01AI111464.

Abstract:

Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), the causative agents of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever respectively, are classified in the family Filoviridae. These viruses are important human pathogens with case-fatality rates ranging from 70% to 90% for EBOV up to 90% for MARV. These agents are classified as Category A Priority Pathogens by the NIAID/NIH, and there is presently no licensed vaccine or treatment against filoviral infection. According to the latest figures from the WHO, since March 2014 West Africa’s first-ever Ebola outbreak in humans is the most deadly and geographically widespread outbreak on record, and it threatens to spread. Rickettsioses represent some of the most devastating human infections. These tick-borne diseases are caused by obligately intracellular bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. It has been forecasted that temperature increases due to global climate change will lead to the more widespread incidence of rickettsioses. In addition, a high infectivity and severe illness after inhalation make rickettsiae potential bioterrorism threats. Although rickettsial infections can be controlled by appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy if diagnosed early, up to 20% of misdiagnosed or untreated and 5% of treated Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) cases result in a fatal outcome. In fact, a fatality rate as high as 32% has been reported in hospitalized patients of Mediterranean spotted fever. Strains of R. prowazekii resistant to tetracycline and chloramphenicol have been developed in laboratories. Therefore, novel host mechanism-based treatments are urgently needed. Currently, we discovered that cAMP signaling axes play critical roles in filoviral infection and rickettsial pathogenesis. This exciting avenue of research, coupled with recent success in developing small molecules that specifically inhibit exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC), has implications to develop broad-spectrum therapeutics that have activity against both viral and bacterial pathogens.

Biography:

Kagimu Enock is 25 years, completed his bachelor’s degree in medicine and surgery at Makerere university, college of health sciences (MAKChs), principal investigator of study on evaluation of CrAg screening program in reduction of HIV associated cryptococcal meningitis in Uganda, research assistant of the study on determining effectiveness of vitamin-c in management of tetanus, and an active member of Day of lung science on implementation science MAKChs.

Abstract:

Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of meningitis among HIV infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa, and it is responsible for approximately 20-25% of AIDS-related deaths in the region (Uganda HIV ART Addendum report 2014). The 6-month case fatality rate for cryptococcal meningitis (CM) in Uganda is 40%, compared to 9% the US, Oceania, and Western Europe, thus more fatal than HIV/TB co-infection. Asymptomatic patients with a positive cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) test in the blood (antigenemia) typically develop meningitis in approximately 3 weeks. This provides a window of opportunity in which treatment with fluconazole as pre-emptive therapy can prevent progression to cryptococcal meningitis. Unlike T.B, Cryptococcus routine screening hasn’t been emphasised or evaluated much in number of facilities despite its inclusion in guidelines 1 year back by MoH, HIV positive patients are indeed presenting with meningitis even shortly after ART initiation, with 57% 10 week survival even with effective treatment (article by Boulware DR et al.) and incurring the expensive treatment strategy for cryptococcal meningitis. Through review of Crag registers and patient open MRS (chats), and doing in-depth interviews with the Nurse in-charges ART clinic and infectious disease wards, lab personnel concerned with Crag testing, in 7 sample facilities in Kampala city and 7 from the rural setting, plan to assess, how many; facilities are currently using a standard Crag register, do patients who are ART naive or CD4 <100 go through the Crag screening cascade, how many complete it, how long it takes to know their results, and the final outcome of whether they developed the CM or not. Through the interviews we intend to assess whether there was any CME on HIV/CM, Staffing of the facility, and supplies of CrAg kits, follow up the process of patients, and any gaps and successes of the screening program. There is clear evidence of cost-effectiveness and straightforward recommendations for the integration of CrAg screening and CM pre-emptive therapy into routine HIV care. Results of the study will be used to generate a standardized tool for evaluating the screening by Uganda Ministry of Health and groups that may be involved in funding the program, including but not limited to CDC. Our goal is to improve clinical practice and thus, reduce morbidity and mortality among HIV/CM patients.

Biography:

Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho has completed her Master at the age of 28 years from the University of Ngaoundéré. She won a DAAD grant for a two year Ph. D sandwich Program at the University of Bremen. She has been working on the coinfection of human by human and animal trypanosomes. Back to Cameroon 4 months ago, she will be defending her thesis very soon. She has published 1 paper in a reputed journal. She is a former medical lab technologist who worked for the ministry of public health of Cameroon. She is interested in doing careers in Research.

Abstract:

African trypanosomes are mainly transmitted through the bite of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). The present study investigated the occurrence of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse flies and cattle in tsetse fly-infested areas of northern Cameroon. Trypanosomes were identified using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region, both by size estimation and sequencing of PCR products. Trypanosoma prevalence infection rate for the tsetse fly gut (40%) and proboscis (19%) were recorded. Among the flies where trypanosomes were detected in the gut, 41.7% were positive for T. congolense and 14.6% for T. brucei ssp., whereas in the proboscis 36% harbored T. congolense and 62% contained T. vivax. T. grayi was highly prevalent in tsetse fly gut (58%). Trypanosome prevalence rate in cattle blood was 6%. Surprisingly, in one case T. grayi was found in cattle, providing its first evidence in mammals. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) of cattle positive for trypanosomes was significantly lower (24.1 ± 5.6%; P < 0.05) than that of cattle in which trypanosomes were not detected (27.1 ± 4.9%). Interestingly, the occurrence of T. theileri or T. grayi DNA in cattle also correlated with low PCV at pathological levels. This molecular epidemiological study of Trypanosoma species in northern Cameroon revealed active foci of trypanosomes in Dodeo and Gamba. These findings are relevant in assessing the status of trypanosomosis in these regions and will serve as a guide for setting the priorities of the government in the control of the disease.

Biography:

Dr. Jose Miguel De Angulo is the Regional Director for Latin America for MAP International. He has worked with the MAP for over 30 years in the area of maternal and child health. He has worked internationally in various public health programs, community health programs, and grass-roots community organization projects, including TDs control programs. Dr. De Angulo earned his Medical Degree from Universidad del Cauca in Colombia. He received a Masters of Public Health (MPH) from John Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, and holds a Masters of Arts in Religion (MAR) from Eastern Baptist Seminar in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Abstract:

Over the last three decades, MAP International has used a Community Based strategy to resolve many public health problems in Bolivia. For two decades, we have implemented Community Based Chagas Control Programs focused on building community capacity to understand and diagnose Chagas, treat and follow-up patients, overcome myths that reproduce conditions for Chagas, prevention measures such as changing the vector's (vinchucas) ecosystem niche, introduce sanitary and hygiene practices, and building local capacity of the local health system for diagnosis, treatment and follow up of patients, among others. The Chagas control program uses a set of indicators to establish an epidemiological map of the presence of the disease, presence of risk factors, including the presence of the vector (vinchuca), and identified patients and support provided to complete their Chagas treatment. Community authorities and members play a central role in building local capacity to engage the Health System and synergically make the program sustainable. The presentation will describe the program and how to engage communities and government officials. It also will present the indicators used to for surveillance and monitoring achievements and impact. This presentation will show a variety of integrated community-based activities for Chagas control, such as training families, health promoters, and local authorities; environmental changes and home improvement to eradicate the vector; how we screen populations in the communities, confirm diagnoses, and follow up with patients; family and community support for patients; fostering networks between government agencies and grassroots organizations; mobilization for Chagas control, and other related subjects.

Biography:

Ephrem Abiy Ejigu has completed his MSc at the age of 25 years from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. He was NTD program officer at RTI International Ethiopia office and currently working as Senior Project Coordinator at Vector control Abt projects in Ethiopia. He has about 7 publications that have been cited over 6 times and has been serving as an editorial board member of Siftdesk, OMICS Ebooks, and Sokoto Journal.

Abstract:

Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths are among seventeen WHO prioritized neglected tropical diseases that infect humans. These parasitic infections can be treated using single-dose and safe drugs. Ethiopia successfully aped the distribution of these infections nationwide. According to the mapping, there are an estimated 37.3 million people living in schistosomiasis endemic areas, and 79 million in schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths endemic areas. The Federal Ministry of Health successfully scaled up Schistosomiasis and schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths intervention in endemic areas and treated over 19 million individuals in 2015. The Ministry of Health has made a huge effort to establish neglected tropical diseases, including schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths program in the health system which helped to map majority of the worlds and initiate nationwide intervention. The National control programme is designed to achieve elimination for those diseases as a major public health problem by 2020 and aim to attain a transmission break by 2025. The programme focuses on reaching those school-aged children who are not attending school, integration between neglected tropical diseases programme, and further collaboration with the WASH actors.

Biography:

Abstract:

Human schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical parasitic diseases affecting nearly 200 million people worldwide, which is endemic in more than 70 countries with five known species causing the disease. Schistosoma mansoni is one of the common species existing in tropical countries. It is known to modulate the host’s immune system with the help of soluble egg proteins such as omega-1 and kappa-5, but most of these mechanisms have only been unraveled in vitro. Going towards, developing effective tools for the study of how S. mansoni influences T cells, we have developed S. mansoni eggs expressing chicken egg ovalbumin (OVA), using a lentiviral transduction system. Indeed, OVA is a “neutral antigen” and can be used to activate T cell from T cell receptor transgenic mice. The expression was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR of OVA-specific mRNA and western blotting using polyclonal antibodies specific for OVA. T cells from OT-II transgenic mice, mice expressing a T cell receptor specific for the OVA323-339 peptide, recognized the OVA expressed by transduced S. mansoni eggs. Using flow cytometry on CFSE-labelled OT-II splenocytes, we demonstrated that OVA-transduced eggs elicit higher OT-II T cell proliferative responses than untransduced eggs. The OT-II T cells also produced TNF and IFN-γ following exposure to OVA-transduced eggs. In addition, moderate amounts of IL-6 and IL-17A were also detected. In contrast, no IL-10, IL-4, and IL-2 were detected in cultures, whether the cells were stimulated with transduced or untransduced eggs. Thus, the cytokine signatures showed the transfected eggs induced a mixed type of Th1 and Th17 responses, with a small amount of IL-6. This study was further extended to analyze the degree of OVA detection by OT-II T cells in vivo following adoptive transfer and showed a considerable proliferation of T cells by OVA-transduced eggs comparing to untransduced eggs. Hence, the present finding signifies a detail investigation of the mechanism of parasite manipulation in vivo.

Biography:

Ryen MacDonald completed her PhD in Neurosciences from McGill University and works as a Product Manager for CTK Biotech, Inc located in San Diego, California.

Abstract:

The increasing burden of dengue virus infection continues to impact populations across the globe, highlighting the importance of multi-parameter dengue diagnostic technologies. Market and literature reviews show that since 2016, there is a soaring demand for early diagnosis of dengue infection, disease discrimination from other flaviviruses such as Zika, and development of accurate serological standards. As a point-of-care IVD company developing and manufacturing dengue antigens, antibodies, and IVD assays for the past decade, CTK Biotech has first-handedly witnessed the extreme limitations in undersourced and remote areas. Thus, as a company, CTK aims to address the issues of quality, ease-of-use, and pricing in an array of dengue products. For early detection of actively replicating virus, CTK offers a real-time PCR test that distinguishes between dengue and related viruses Zika and Chikungunya, and a serotyping assay that identifies dengue types 1-4. For qualification of dengue infection status, they have developed an IgM/IgG antibody test that determines an early or late stage active infection, and an IgG antibody test that identifies past infection only. These products were clinically evaluated in endemic regions, which include Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Malaysia, India, and Bangladesh. Because serological standardization and controls for dengue diagnostics remain a challenge, CTK has developed recombinant dengue murine-human chimeric IgM and IgG antibodies, and are currently developing a quantification method using WHO standards for IgG and IgM. As each technology has its advantages, CTK is committed to the fight against dengue infection and aims to contribute from every angle.

Biography:

Abstract:

Biography:

Abstract:

Blood serum samples from 100 sheep and 100 goats were collected and examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Modified Agglutination Test. The seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep were 34% and 33% and in goats were 32%, 31% by ELISA and MAT respectively. The prevalence in the females of sheep and goats were higher than males. The seroprevalences were higher in adult animals than young in both sheep and goats. Using the MAT as a reference test, the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA Test were 100% and 98.5% respectively. Diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii in 20 brain samples ( 10 from sheep and 10 from goats) using nested PCR techniques by amplification of the T. gondii B1 gene revealed that six sheep's brain samples were positive (60%) and six goat's brain samples were positive (60%).  The bioassay was done by inoculation of T. gondii positive PCR samples into healthy mice. Histopathological examination of the experimental mice brains declared pathological lesions with a demonstration of pseudocysts containing bradyzoites within the host cell cytoplasm in the mice killed a 30th day and 35^th day post inoculation.                                                                                       

Biography:

Simon Raymond is a Consultant who specialized in Medical and Scientific Research and an Alumnus of Melbourne University (Rank of Number 1 in Australia and Number 33 in the World). The above stated Researcher has acted as a Reviewer for the respected Medical Journal of Australia, has received invitations internationally to review from prestigious medical journals including the Journal of American Medical Association Network. He has received the award in recognition of his research by Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (PSC, 2006) and invited to conferences internationally as an official Delegate and Researcher, including that in USA and China. He has worked as the Principal Researcher in the highest-powered form of medical trial-Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). The above stated Researcher is also a Member of the Golden Key International Society for Honored and outstanding Academics and has been cited as a Notable Global Leader.

Abstract:

The current researcher has in previous conferences and publications detailed the conceptualization and development of the new, or third, branch of antimicrobial therapeutics, namely site attachment inhibition which involves negation of cellular attachment by infective agents. This based on the issues with metaphorical superbugs, development of antimicrobial resistance, and the general lack of success currently with respect to the previous two branches which focused on (1) replication of infective agent and, (2) immune system enhancement. This talk explains that site attachment inhibition is intended to consist of both treatment of established infection but also new generation immunization programs. The likely success of new generation immunization programs, based on prenatal stem cell therapy is intended to involve gene mutagenesis or knockout. This preventative (or, immunization) therapy intended to be spanning right back to spermatogenesis and oogenesis. The validation for likely success includes the innate resistance or immunity achieved by inherited genetic mutations, including CCR5-Δ32 against HIV. One major issue is a differentiation between association and causation. Even the known CCR5-Δ32 mutation has not been completely confirmed as direct/causative of the inhibition of attachment observed in research analyses. New content presented in this talk will involve methods around the above issues to do with association and causation. These methods include the use of CRISPR technology in order to analyze properly the genes (and, methods) utilized by those with innate resistance (immunity) in order to determine the proper prenatal genetic therapy, as mentioned above, in new generation immunization programs. Prenatal genetic therapy is becoming increasingly discussed and utilized in medicine and surgery. However, an important issue remains the ethics committee and community consideration in such treatment strategy consideration.

Biography:

Ayat Zawawi is a PhD student at the University of Manchester. She is a Lecturer at King Abdul-Aziz University in Jeddah, KSA, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences. 

Abstract:

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) is a soil-transmitted helminth parasite that affects around 500 million people worldwide, resulting in disability and poor child development, especially in areas of poor hygiene and sanitation. The ideal vaccine to protect against T. trichiura in humans would include protein epitopes that elicit a protective T helper cell type 2 immune response. Herein, we used bioinformatics tools to identify candidate histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecule T cell epitopes from known Trichuris muris proteins selected using inclusion and exclusion criteria. T. muris is the murine whipworm that is closely related to the human pathogen making it a relevant model parasite. A number of prediction tools are available for the identification of peptides that bind to MHC II molecules. The lack of standardized methodology and the difficulty of MHC II epitope prediction make the selection of an appropriate prediction tool difficult. This study reports a systematic review to choose the most appropriate tools to predict MHC II epitopes. Subsequently, up to fifteen epitopes were predicted, from the selected T. muris proteins and expressed on Hepatitis B core antigen virus-like particles (HBc-Ag). HBc+ T cell epitopes were tested in vitro to address whether they activate antigen presenting cells. We also immunized normally susceptible mice with the HBc+ T cell epitopes prior to infection with T. muris to test the protective immune response in vivo. The predicted epitopes identified using the right combination of immunoinformatics and immunogenicity screening tools have the potential to bring T. trichiura to vaccine trial.  

Biography:

Hanaa Adli Siam, a scientific researcher in Department of Medical Entomology – National Public Health Laboratory –Federal Ministry of Health – Sudan, since 2012. She has a Master degree in Medical Entomology and vector control from Faculty of Science - University of Khartoum 2010. She has two published papers and participated in about ten international conferences and workshops.

Abstract:

Dengue is becoming an endemic disease in Eastern Sudan with repeated outbreaks during last two decades. This study aimed to investigate an effective method for community participation in dengue vector control (Aedesaegypti) in Kassala city. The study was conducted during May to December 2011. A cluster was composed in eight neighborhood; each cluster was formed of three grouped houses.  One of these grouped houses was allocated randomly into one of three study arms: arm1 intervention of community volunteers; arm 2: intervention of house holder education and arm 3: Control. In arm 1, sixteen volunteers (two per cluster) inspected the water containers of houses weekly. In the house hold arm 2, householders received two educational sessions for breeding site of vectors source elimination and management of their water containers. In the control arm, houses did not receive any interventions. Bimonthly Entomological survey was conducted for eight months in each cluster of the study. The covering situation of inspected water containers was also recorded. From 9537 inspected containers, 545(5.71%) containers were found positive for aquatic stages of Aedes. aegypti. Zieers (localwater containers) composed 436 (80%) from the positive containers. ANOVA analyses were done between the three arms and no significant differences were found. Those entomological indices declined in community volunteers and householders arms. Also, the percentage of covering Zieers increased from 14.1% to 64.7% in community volunteer’s arm and from 12.1% to 32.6% in house holder arm. In control arm there was a fluctuation in all parameters. The arm of Community volunteers may be more effective in increasing the awareness of covering containers and decline of the entomological indices. Thus, it may be used as an approach for community participation in Dengue vector control in Kassala city.

Biography:

Samer M Al-Hulu, Assistant Professor of Microbiology, has completed his PhD from Babylon University/College of Science-Iraq. He has published more than 14 papers in microbiology field. Al-Hulu, has training at Ministry of Health at Laboratory of Babylon Maternity and Children Hospital. Now working at Al-Qasim Green University/College of Food Science-Iraq.

Abstract:

Statement of the problem: Some diseases need to treating by iron and some elements removing which achieved by production of bacterial siderophore.

Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Under the iron-restricted condition many bacteria produced iron-chelating molecules called siderophore. Siderophore chelate iron and supply to the bacterial cell by outer membrane receptors. There are three main types of siderophores known as hydroxamate, catecholate, and carboxylate. It having many medical application, includes iron overload diseases treatment, such as ß-thalassemia. In the treatment of ß -thalassemia and certain other anemias, siderophores used as chelating agents, which having ability to bind with iron to produce complexes that lead to formation of ferrioxamine. The ferrioxamine is soluble in water and readily excreted through the kidneys. It binds with iron in the blood and enhances its elimination via urine and faeces, Selective Drug Delivery-Trojan horse strategy (Siderophore-antibiotic conjugates–Sideromycins, It can be used for selective delivery of antibiotics in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antimalarial Activity, Desferrioxamine B produced by Streptomyces pilosus  used for the treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Siderophores used for removing some elements from the body such as Aluminium overload, which occurs in dialysis encephalopathy, Vanadium removal, Desferal can be used for removal of vanadium from the body. Iron chelators in the treatment of cancers e.g. Dexrazoxane. Also used for the clearance of non-transferrin bound iron in serum which occurs in cancer therapy as a result of some chemotherapies. Iron chelation therapy may be useful against malignant cells without any significant cytotoxicity on nonmalignant cells. Siderophore has an ability to chelate various other metal ions which paved a way to concentrate the application of siderophore towards wound care products. Deodorant–Siderophore for Klebsiella pneumonia has been used in cosmetics as deodorant.

Findings: Using siderophore having an important role in disease treatment and other medical applications.

Conclusion & Significance: There are many medical applications for siderophore includes, Iron overload diseases treatment, Selective Drug Delivery, Antimalarial Activity, as Iron chelation therapy, as wound care products, also used in cosmetics as a deodorant.

Recommendations: Detection on the production of other types Siderophores which having the possibility for diseases treatment.