World Congress on Infectious Diseases August 10-12, 2015 London, UK

Elena G Fokina completed her PhD when she was 23 at Moscow Medical Dental University and postdoctoral studies in infectious diseases based 2nd Infectious Clinical Hospital in Moscow. She is a postgraduate of Central Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology, (Moscow, Russia). The author of the invention \"Method of early prediction of the severity of diphtheria in adults\" & \"Human biochemical passport\". She has published over 60 medical articles in Russian and foreign journals. Her research interests include infectious diseases, blood coagulation disorders, biochemistry & adaptation changes. In 2014, the European scientific community awarded Elena G. Fokina the medal \"Robert Koch\".

In erysipelas we often show defects in the cutaneous barrier caused by microorganisms. In some cases, venous insufficiency (VI) may be the cause of deep venous thrombosis and delaying recovery period in erysipelas. It is important to diagnose VI at once. So we studied the native anticoagulant protein C activity for patients with erysipelas of the face and erysipelas of the legs (in some cases with the chronic venous insufficiency) in the beginning of the disease (1st week) & in the recovery period (2-3d week of illness).
rnPatients were treated at the Infectious Diseases Hospital № 2 (Moscow). A total of 60 people diagnosed with «erysipelas of the face» (n = 24) and «lower limb erysipelas» (n = 36). A lighter form - erythematous EF was 52% of cases. More severe EL (hemorrhagic and erythematous-bullous-hemorrhagic) forms were in 71% of cases. The average hospital stay with EL was 11.9 + 4.1 days, with EF - 8.4 + 1.6 days. We observed positive dynamics of protein C in patients with erysipelas of the face & legs. However, in patients with erysipelas of the legs with chronic venous insufficiency it remained unchanged, despite the regression of clinical symptoms of erysipelas. When protein C in the normal range (control - 97.3 + 0.38%) the possibility for a quick recovery higher (OR = 2.89 [0.15, 55]) comparing with EL with VI. So, protein C can be used as an indicator of the risk of venous thrombosis and as a favorable prognostic indicator of erysipelas.

Abdelwahid Saeed Ali (PhD) is currently serving as a professor of virology and medical biotechnology in the College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU) in Saudi Arabia. He obtained his PhD in virology form Putra University in Malaysia in 2000 and had a post-doctoral fellowship in medical biotechnology at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), in Duke University in North Carolina, USA (2005- 2007). At Duke he did some research work dealing with the molecular factors regulating the mitochondrial biogenesis during sepsis in mammalian cells. As a result of that of research work, he published his research data in most reputable journals in USA. He passed all his academic career started as a teaching assistant moving through lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor till he become a full professor in 2010. Through that academic marsh, he was actively involved in teaching, research leadership, graduate students supervision, institution and community service.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is classified in the metapnuemovirus genus, Pneumovirinae subfamily of the Paramyxoviridae family. It was isolated for the first time in 2001 in the Netherlands and then reported in many parts of the world with seasonal distribution. It may be the second most common cause (after the respiratory syncytial virus, RSV) of pediatric lower respiratory illness. However, hMPV can also cause upper respiratory tract infections across all age groups. Compared with RSV, infection with hMPV occurs in slightly older children and to produce less severe disease. Co-infection with both viruses can also occur and associated with worse disease. hMPV were known to account for approximately 10% of respiratory tract infections worldwide. The transmission occurs by contact with contaminated secretions, via droplet, aerosol, or fomite vectors. Infection with hMPV results in symptoms of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Laboratory testing for identification of hMPV include: PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence. In the present study, the role of hMPV in LRT infections in children in Aseer area (Southwest Saudi Arabia) was investigated for the first time. An amount of 98 samples of respiratory secretions in swabs were collected from patients who attended the pediatric clinics with respiratory problems at Aseer Central Hospital. Samples were collected from patients in both genders, different ages and with different geographical and social backgrounds. Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) techniques using the commercial kit was employed to determine the presence of the virus antigens in these specimens. The technique was made exactly as described by the direct immunoflouresnce Kit manufacturers with some modifications. 9 samples out of 98 (9.18%)collected were found positive to the virus. Positive cases includes patients from both genders and from 6 out of 7 geographical distributions tested. In conclusion, hMPV was reported for the first time to be incriminated in the causation of lower respiratory tract infections in the study area.

S Agelova is currently working at 1National Reference Laboratory “Influenza and ARD”, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Bulgaria

Background: Influenza viruses, respiratory-syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza viruses (hPIV) type 1, 2 and 3 are leading causes of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in infants and young children. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of these viruses in medically attended ARTI among children aged <4 years during the 2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/2015 winter seasons in Bulgaria.

Methods: A total of 555 nasopharyngeal swabs of children aged <4 years diagnosed with ARTI were collected and tested for influenza A/B viruses by Real Time RT-PCR. Influenza virus negative samples were examined by individual Real Time RT-PCR using specific primers/probes for RSV, hMPV, hPIV1/2/3.

Results: Of the 555 specimens tested, 152 (27%) were influenza virus positive. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and type B viruses were found in 64 (12%), 33 (6%) and 50 (9%) of samples, respectively. Among the 403 influenza virus negative specimens, paramyxoviruses RSV, hMPV, hPIV1/2/3 were detected in 86 (21%), 28 (7%), 23 (5,7%), 7 (1,7%) and 20 (5%) samples, respectively. RSV was the most frequently identified paramyxovirus. Overall, 33 (6%) patients were co-infected with two viruses. The contribution of 8 examined respiratory viruses in cases of bronchiolitis, pneumonia and neurological complications was analyzed.

Conclusions: During the last three winter seasons, influenza viruses and RSV were the most frequent viral pathogens causing medically attended ARTI among children <4 years of age. Rapid diagnostics by Real Time RT-PCR is decisive in terms of adequate treatment and taking prompt anti-epidemic measures.

A Zertal is a physician specialist in infectious diseases since 1998, practice in Algiers Hospital, head of emergency unit for 13 years, after in pediatric unit.

The A H1N1 FLU is a contagious acute respiratory disease caused by the virus of the flu. This virus reappeared in 2009 as a new genetic form with an important virulence, man to man transmissible. The resultant epidemic was stated (called) pandemic by the WHO: Word Health Organization in 2009. The aim of this study is to show that the A H1N1 FLU keeps on going and it prevails as compared to the seasonal Flu from which the importance to be watchful and vigilant. It is a retrospective study based on 95 local patients to be consulted in emergency for the flu syndromes over a period of 2 months from 16.02.2011 to 22.04.2011 at the duty unit of EL KETTAR HOSPITAL (Infectious disease hospital).Before having any antivirus treatment, the 95 patients were given a nasal pharynx swabbing out. The confirmation of the disease was proved by the detection of the virus according to the Real- time-PCR method at the PASTEUR INSTITUTE of ALGIERS ALGERIA. On the 95 patients, 42 were! Positive in favor of 2009 pandemic A H1N1 flu, that is to say 44.2% and two cases of flu type B (2%). However, we notice a female predominance: 30 women (71.4%) and 12 men (28.6%) sex ratio: 0.4. The average age is 32 years old. The fever was noticed in 34 cases (81%), the cough and the aching syndrome in 29 cases (69%), asthenia in 25 cases (59.5%), stomach troubles in 15 cases (35.7%) and dyspnea in 13 cases (31%).On therapeutic side, all the patients were given an antivirus treatment based on Oseltamivir. Three patients were admitted to hospital and put in isolation: A patient with HIV, a pregnant woman with her husband. The evolution was satisfactory for 41 (97%) with a death (pregnancy) caused to respiratory distress. The 2009 A H1N1 FLU is on decline but the virus keeps on going in smalls epidemics .This disease is mainly concerned with the young adults and it remains a serious disease even and mortal for pregnant women.

Soumya Sachdeva has completed her MBBS (Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery) at the age of 24 years from Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. She is very passionate about medical research and has 5 publications in PubMed and 2 others in peer reviewed journals. She also is the editor board of Journal of Young Medical Researchers, wikidoc.org and is also the Ambassdor for International Journal of Medical Students (IJMS).

Introduction: The ‘2nd- and 3rd-generation’ cephalosporins, presently used in the clinical setting; have been found to be effective against beta lactamase producing bacteria. However resistance against these antibiotics has emerged in the form of ESBLs or the extended spectrum beta lactamases.

Objective: Detection of Extended spectrum beta lactamases from archived isolates recovered from sterile fluids 2009-2010. Methods: The study was performed at the Department of Microbiology, for a period of two months. A Total 50 archived multi drug resistant gram negative bacillary isolates from various sterile fluid samples were randomly selected preserved from October 2009 to June 2010; and were included in the study. These were first subcultured and then antibiotic sensitivity was performed as per CLSI 2009. Disc diffusion test was applied to screen for antibiotic resistance. Screening for ESBL was carried out using DDST (Double disc synergy test), and the results were further confirmed using E strip MIC method.

Results: The archived isolates included samples from male (%), female (%), adult (%) and pediatric (%) patients. The isolates belonged to family Enterobacteriaceae-E.coli (n=16), Klebsiella (n=11), Acinetobacter (n=23). The maximum isolates showed resistance to Piperacillin and piperacillin-tazobactam (n=37) followed by ceftazidime and ceftazidime-clavulanate (n=36), on disc diffusion test. Total 72 % of the isolates reported to be positive for ESBL. The highest ESBL producers were recorded in E .coli (87.5%), followed by Klebsiella (72.72%) and then by Acinetobacter (60.86%). Out of the total isolates, 10% were found to be resistant to Imipenem and positive for MBL by the E strip method.

Conclusion: This study elucidates the wide prevalence of the ESBL producing bacteria which are now being recovered from CNS infections and also that MBL resistance is the current budding threat to mankind.

Acknowledgement- This study was carried out as an ICMR STS 2010 project

Aouf Abdelhakim received his Ph.D. degree in Microbiology at Ain Shams university-Cairo (2007), the work was advised by Pr. Bakour Rabah, Pr. Mohamed Sayed Salama and Dr. Hala abouchady, and had participated in two projects at the laboratory of cellular and molecular biology (Faculty of biology-University of sciences and technologie Houari Boumediene) about resistance to antibiotics of Gram negative bacilli. His primary field is Medical and molecular bacteriology with research emphasis on resitance of Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermentative bacilli to antibiotics and disinfectants.

The medical community relies on clinical expertise and published guidelines to assist physicians with choices in empirical therapy. ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermentative bacilli resistant to carbapenems have emerged within the community setting as an important cause of a variety of infections. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of these pathogens, to evaluate their level of resistance, the phenotypic characterization of resistance to carbapenems and 3GC and the possibility of horizontal transfer. Also to test Byotrol (disinfectant) on selected multi-drug resistant isolates. This work was realized at orthopedic, reeducation and reanimation services on hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. On a total of 1482 positive samples, Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant (44%), followed by Staphylococcus sp. (37%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (4%). Even the low rate of isolation of A.baumannii it was responsible of high mortality rate (9%). The most isolated species of Enterobacteriaceae were E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marsescens. Susceptibility to antibiotics showed that isolates have acquired high level of resistance. It concerns nearly all antibiotic families used in therapy. E.cloacae was the most ESBL producer followed by K. pneumoniae and E. coli. ESBLs are plasmid mediated in association with other antibiotics. Resistance of A. baumannii to carbapenems was almost due to production of metallo-β-lactamases, and the lost D2 porines. All selected MDR isolateswere sensitive to disinfectant tested and colistin. The judicious choice and use of antibiotics and disinfectants may reduce consequently the dissemination of multi-drug resistant clones.

C A Danquah is a third year PhD student working on an interdisciplinary research between UCL school of Pharmacy and the Institute of Structural and Molecular biology, ISMB, Birkbeck University of London. Supervised by Prof. Simon Gibbons (Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL school of Pharmacy) and Dr Sanjib Bhakta (Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, ISMB, Birkbeck, University of London). Her PhD is sponsored by the Ghana Education Trust fund.

Tuberculosis (TB), having been declared a global emergency since 1993, is still an issue of great public health concern because of the emergence of multi- and extensively- drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. New molecules with pleiotropic modes of action are urgently required to tackle this challenging menace. Pyridine-N-oxide alkaloids possessing disulfide functional groups were isolated from the bulbs of Allium stipitatum, belonging to the genus Allium with common members like garlic, onion, leeks and chives. From this discovery, a series of methyldisulfides were synthesized based on the structure of the natural product disulphides isolated from the bulbs of Allium stipitatum. The synthetic analogues were produced by adopting the method of Kitson and Loomes, briefly, the appropriate aromatic thiol purchased from Sigma Aldrich was S-methylthiolated using S-methyl methanethiosulphonate and back extracted with dichloromethane. rnAntibacterial activities using various high-throughput whole cell phenotypic assays were carried out. A selection of five compounds of that chemical class showed antimycobacterial activities at clinically relevant concentrations when tested against M. aurum, M. bovis BCG, M. tuberculosis H37Rv and multi-drug resistant strains of TB-clinical isolates. In addition, the synthetic compounds inhibited mycobacterial drug efflux mechanism as we report for the first time for this class of compounds. rnThese studies suggest that synthesized methyldisulfides are novel chemical scaffolds, which potentially can lead to the design of new drugs against TB. The inhibition of efflux pumps by these compounds is promising as it would be a way to improve the efficacy and/or extend the clinical utility of existing antibiotics.

Leonardo Batista Franco is currently working in the Hospital Santa Marcelina, Brazil.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is an endemic granulomatous disease in Latin America.rnThe vast majority of cases of this systemic mycosis are diagnosed in Brazil.rnrnWe report a case of a 44-years-old man, urban dweller, smoker, who presented with 6 months of cough and hemoptoic sputum, without fever, sweating or weight loss. The chest CT scan showed multiple nodular injuries in both lungs. The bronchoscopy with biopsy was negative for cancer or infectious disease. Prednisone 1mg/kg was prescribed to treat the presumptive diagnosis of a granulomatous vasculitis. After 2 months of outpatient treatment, there was a worsening of cough with increase of the length of pulmonary injuries. The patient was admitted to the hospital. Tests for autoimmune disease including ANCA were negative. Consequently, corticoid therapy was stopped. During a review of the anamnesis, the man mentioned that she used to work in rural areas during the sugar cane harvest, as a sugar cane cutter. Based on this epidemiological exposition, the patient was submitted to an open lungrnbiopsy to test for paracoccidioidomycosis. The presence of fungal structures compatible with Paracoccidioides braziliensis confirmed the diagnosis. It was initiated the treatment with itraconazole with decreasing of cough. He was discharged from hospital with 15 days of treatment.rnrnParacoccidioidomycosis, despite of being endemic in Brazil, is frequently underdiagnosed, mainly when it presents as pulmonary form in adults. Early diagnosis and treatment can avoid disabling complications and decrease mortality.rn

Samer M Al-Hulu, Microbiology Specialist, has completed his PhD at the age of 29 years from Babylon University/College of Science. He has published more than 14 papers in microbiology field. Al-Hulu, has training at Ministry of Health at Laboratory of Babylon Maternity and Children Hospital. Now he is currently working at Al-Qasim Green University/College of Food Science.

Infectious diseases are caused by many microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. These diseases are transmitted by direct or indirect method from person to person. It is important to detect new or developed methods for prevention and control of these diseases. Some of these methods includes using of transgenic plants for producing of surface antigens which are used in immunization, Targeted therapy of infections by using nanoparticles for production of drug with high activity, DNA technology for diagnosis of infectious disease and production of vaccine, Probiotic bacteria for treatment of infectious disease and finally fighter of antibiotics resistant microbe. Results and conclusions must provide drug with high activity and low cost, safe vaccines for developing new methods for prevention and treatment.

Ãœlle Parm is a Lecturer of infectious diseases, epidemiology and hospital infections in Tartu Health Care College (Estonia) and scientist in Institute of Microbiology in University of Tartu. Several text books about these topics for students have been published in Estonia. Numerous publications and presentations in international scientific conferences have been done. The mean subject of research work has been associated with development of rectal and nasopharyngeal microbiota in relation to infection in neonates who needs intensive care. Also, the other branches of study have been in interest: e.g. the prevalence of Lyme borreliosis in Estonia and problems with laboratory diagnostics; contamination of gowns and devices (including cell-phones) that hospital staff uses and association with hygienic aspects; the ESBL strains in hospitals etc. She is also the member of Estonian Society for Infection Control (ESIC). rn

Background: Wide-spread of β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae is the contemporary worldwide problem. For better results in infection prevention and therapy antimicrobial-resistance surveillance is needed.

rnrnAim: To compare results of different β-lactamases phenotypic screening and confirmatory tests (screening disks, combined disks and gradient strips) used in the clinical microbiology laboratory. rn

rnMethods: Altogether, 171 strains of bacteria (78 Escherichia coli; 93 Klebsiella pneumoniae) with decreased sensitivity to third generation cephalosporines were enrolled the study. Clavulanic acid and cloxacillin gradient strips (Liofilchem) and combined disks from companies Rosco and MAST were used to determine the mechanisms of resistance.rn

rnResults: The most frequent β-lactamase was ESBLA. Outcome of all used three tests showed the matching ESBLA in 70 of 152 any positive cases got from different tests that were 41% of all strains. There were no differences in determining of ESBLA in comparing MAST and Rosco tests, but the gradient strips showed statistically more ESBLA (p=0.02 and <0.001, respectively) and ESBLAM strains (p<0.01 and 0.024) in comparing with Rosco and MAST tests. The MAST tests showed more ESBLM strains in comparing with Rosco (p<0,001). Similar results were only three ESBLM strains by using all three tests and for ESBLAM strains there were no matching results. With all three tests two strains gave similarly negative results (1%).

rnrnConclusions: Usage of different phenotypic tests gives different results. Due to the price and work load, it would be beneficial to use the combined discs of MAST. However, until there is no molecular confirmation, we could not give recommendations.rn